Contents.Taxonomy and evolution The genus was established in 1878 by German arachnologist. The fringed jumping spider ( ) is the type species., a technique that compares the of organisms to construct the, indicates that Portia is a member of a basal (i.e. Quite similar to the ancestors of all jumping spiders), and that the, and genera are its closest relatives.Wanless divided the genus Portia into two: the schultzi group, in which males' palps have a fixed; and the kenti group, in which the apophysis of each palp in the males has a joint separated by a membrane. The schultzi group includes P.

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Fimbriata, and.At least some species of Portia are in the state of: in a laboratory, male P. Africana copulated with female P. Labiata but no eggs were laid; during all cases the female P. Labiata twisted and lunged in an attempt to bite.: 435-466Some specimens found trapped in were identified as related to Portia. Distribution and ecology The 17 described are found in, the, and.Portia are vulnerable to larger predators such as and, which a Portia often cannot identify because of the predator's size.

Some insects prey on Portia, for example, the Nagusta sp. And Scipinnia repax.

Appearance Portia are relatively small spiders. For example, adult females of Portia africana are 5 to 10 millimetres ( 1⁄ 5 to 2⁄ 5 in) in body length and adult males are 5 to 7 millimetres ( 1⁄ 5 to 3⁄ 10 in) long. Intelligence Portia often hunt in ways that seem intelligent. Fimbriata in a webLaboratory studies show that Portia learns very quickly how to overcome web-building spiders that neither it nor its ancestors would have met in the wild.

Portia's accurate visual recognition of potential prey is an important part of its hunting tactics. For example, in one part of the Philippines, local Portia spiders attack from the rear against the very dangerous, which themselves hunt jumping spiders.

This appears to be an behavior, as laboratory-reared Portia of this species do this the first time they encounter a spitting spider. On the other hand, they will use a head-on approach against spitting spiders that are carrying eggs. However, experiments that pitted Portia against 'convincing' artificial spiders with arbitrary but consistent behavior patterns showed that Portia's instinctive tactics are only starting points for a approach from which these spiders learn very quickly.Against other jumping spiders, which also have excellent vision, Portia may mimic fragments of leaf litter detritus. When close to biting range, Portia use different combat tactics against different prey spiders. On the other hand, when attacking unarmed prey, such as flies, they simply stalk and rush, and they also capture prey by means of sticky webs.Similar to its hunting method of mimicry, Portia also relies heavily on movement cues to locate prey.

In this specific strategy, undirected leaps occur in the vicinity of its prey in hopes of sending visual cues. As a result, the prey will then react to this visual cue, provides a movement cue to its predator, the trap is set, and Portia strikes when the time is right.Portia may also scavenge corpses of dead arthropods they found, and consume nectar. Social behavior Members of the species were observed living together and sharing prey.If a mature Portia male meets a sub-mature female, he will try to cohabitate with her.: 467P.

Labiata females can discriminate between the of familiar and unfamiliar individuals of the same species. And between their own draglines and those of conspecifics. The ability to recognize individuals is a necessary prerequisite for social behavior. Diagram of the visual fields of the spider as viewed from abovePortia species have complex eyes that support exceptional spatial acuity. They have 8 eyes. Three pairs of eyes positioned along the sides of the cephalothorax (called the secondary eyes) have a combined field-of-view of almost 360° and serve primarily as movement detectors. A pair of forward-facing anterior median eyes (called the principal eyes) are adapted for colour vision and high spatial acuity.The main eyes focus accurately on an object at distances from approximately 2 centimetres (0.79 in) to infinity, and in practice can see up to about 75 centimetres (30 in).: 53 Like all jumping spiders, Portias can take in only a small visual field at one time, as the most acute part of a main eye can see all of a circle up to 12 millimetres ( 1⁄ 2 in) wide at 20 centimetres (8 in) away, or up to 18 millimetres ( 3⁄ 4 in) wide at 30 centimetres (12 in) away.

Jumping spiders' main eyes can see from red to.The inter-receptor angles of Portia's eyes may be as small as 2.4 minutes of arc, which is only six times worse than in humans, and is six times better than in the most acute insect eye. It is also clearer in daylight than a 's vision.P. Africana relies on visual features of general morphology and colour (or relative brightness) when identifying prey types. Schultzi′s hunting is stimulated only by vision, and prey close by but hidden causes no response. Fimbriata use visual cues to distinguish members of the same species from other salticids.Cross and Jackson (2014) suggest that P. Africana is capable of mentally rotating visual objects held in its working memory.However, a Portia takes a relatively long time to see objects, possibly because getting a good image out of such small eyes is a complex process and requires a lot of scanning. This makes a Portia vulnerable to much larger predators such as, and, which a Portia often cannot identify because of the predator's size.

Movement. Portia fimbriata photographed during movement External video onWhen not hunting for prey or a mate, Portia species adopt a special posture, called the 'cryptic rest posture', pulling their legs in close to the body and their palps back beside the chelicerae ('jaws'), which obscures the outlines of these appendages. When walking, most Portia species have a slow, 'choppy' gait that preserves their concealment: pausing often and at irregular intervals; waving their legs continuously and their palps jerkily up and down; moving each appendage out of time with the others; and continuously varying the speed and timing.When disturbed, some Portia species are known to leap upwards about 100 to 150 millimetres (4 to 6 in) often from the cryptic rest pose, and often over a wide trajectory. Usually the spider then either freezes or runs about 100 millimetres (4 in) and then freezes. Reproduction. This section does not any.

Unsourced material may be challenged and.Find sources: – ( May 2016) Portia exhibits a different mating behavior and strategy than other jumping spiders. In most jumping spiders, males mount females to mate. The Portia male shows off his legs and extends them stiffly and shakes them to attract the female.

The female then drums on the web. After the male mounts her, the female drops a dragline and they mate in mid-air. Mating with Portia spiders can occur off or on the web.The spider also practices. The female usually twists and lunges at the mounted male. Fimbriata, however, is an exception; it does not usually exhibit such behavior.) If the male is killed before completing copulation, the male sperm is removed and the male is then eaten.

If the male finishes mating before being killed, the sperm is kept for and the male is eaten. A majority of males are killed during sexual encounters.Health Portia species have a life span of about 1.5 years.P.

Fimbriata can regenerate a lost limb about 7 days after moulting.Portia′s palps and legs break off very easily, which may be a defense mechanism, and Portias are often seen with missing legs or palps. Species As of August 2019 it contains seventeen species, found in Africa, Asia, and:. (, 1886) – West,.

(Simon, 1900) – India to Vietnam. Wanless, 1978 – India to Malaysia. (Peckham & Peckham, 1907) –,. (Doleschall, 1859) –, Taiwan to Australia. Xie & Yin, 1991 –., 1985 –. Song & Zhu, 1998 – China. (, 1887) – Sri Lanka to China, Vietnam,.

Murphy & Murphy, 1983 – China. Zabka, 1985 – China, Vietnam. Karsch, 1878 – Central, East, Southern Africa,. Tang & Yang, 1997 – China., 1941 – Ethiopia. Zhang & Li, 2005 –.

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Peng & Li, 2002 – China. Peng, Li & Chen, 2003 – ChinaReferences. World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-09-11.

(2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals,. Maddison, Wayne P.; Melissa R.

Bodner; Karen M. Needham (2008). 1893: 49–64. Retrieved 14 June 2011. Wanless, F.R. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology.

34 (3): 83–124. Retrieved 24 October 2011. Wanless, F.R. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology. 34 (3): 83–124. Retrieved 24 October 2011.

^ Jackson, Robert R.; Susan E. Hallas (1986). New Zealand Journal of Zoology.

13 (4): 423–489. Retrieved 17 May 2011. ^ Harland, D.P. & Jackson, R.R. Archived from (PDF) on 18 March 2009.

Retrieved 5 May 2011. Jackson, R. Nelson (2010). Journal of Insect Science.

10 (82): 1–19. Retrieved 11 November 2011. ^ Harland, D.P. & Jackson, R.R. Retrieved 2014-10-21.

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Balda;; Alan C. Kamil (eds.). Animal cognition in nature: the convergence of psychology and biology in laboratory and field.

Academic Press. Retrieved 23 May 2011. ^ Wilcox, S. & Jackson, R.

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Archived from (PDF) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 12 May 2011. ^ Wilcox, R.

Stimson; Robert R. Jackson (1998). In Russell P. Balda;; Alan C. Kamil (eds.). Animal cognition in nature: the convergence of psychology and biology in laboratory and field. Academic Press.

Retrieved 23 May 2011. Jackson, Robert; Carter, Chris; Tarsitano, Michael (2001).

'Trial-And-Error Solving of a Confinement Problem by a Jumping Spider, Portia Fimbriata'. 138 (10): 1215–1234.

Complex Worlds from Simpler Nervous Systems. MIT Press, 2004. p.5. Archived from on 2017-04-22.

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& Jackson, R. 'Jumping Spider Tricksters'. In Bekoff, M.; Allen, C. & Burghardt, G.M. The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition.

Pp. 27–34. Australian Museum:. Harland, D.P.

& Jackson, R.R. (April 2006). 'A knife in the back: use of prey-specific attack tactics by araneophagic jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)'. Journal of Zoology.

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J.; Harland, D. P.; Jackson, R.R (2000). 'Speculative hunting by an araneophagic salticid Spider'. 137: 1601-1612.

Zealand, The Royal Society of New (1986). Jackson, Robert R.; Pollard, Simon D.; Salm, Kathryn (2008). 'Observations of Portia Africana, an araneophagic jumping spider, living together and sharing prey'.

New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 35 (3): 237–242. Clark, R.J.; Jackson, R.R. 'Araneophagic jumping spiders discriminate between the draglines of familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics'.

Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 7 (2): 185–190. Clark, R.J.; Jackson, R.R. 'Self recognition in a jumping spider: Portia labiata females discriminate between their own draglines and those of conspecifics'. Ethology Ecology. 6 (3): 371–375.

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C.; Carter, Margrit (1990). Cell and Tissue Research. 262 (3): 445–460.

Harland, D.P.; Li, D.; Jackson, R.R. 'How jumping spiders see the world'. In Lazareva, O.; Shimizu, T.; Wasserman, E.A. How animals see the world: comparative behavior, biology, and evolution of vision. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 133–164. ^ Forster, Lyndsay M.

'A qualitative analysis of hunting behaviour in jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)'. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 4: 51–62. Forster, Lyn M.; Frances M.

“80 Days captures the original text's wide-eyed spirit of adventure, its fascination with the technological advancements of the time, and the wonders of the world itself - 9/10” EDGE magazine “One of the finest examples of branching narrative yet created.”. 80 days. 80 Days Where is the thin line that separates friendship from desire? After more than 50 years without seeing each other, two 70 years old women dare to cross the line. Spanish language film with English subtitles. 80 DAYS is a breakneck race, with an in-game clock that never stops running. Trains, steamers, hot-air balloons, boats, camels, horses and more leave and arrive minute by minute. 80 DAYS is a breakneck race, with an in-game clock that never stops running. Trains, steamers, hot-air balloons, boats, camels, horses.

Murphy (1986). The Journal of Arachnology. Retrieved 9 September 2010. Piper, Ross (2007). Westport, CT 06881: Greenwood Press.

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Zealand, The Royal Society of New (1986). Further reading. D.Harland and R.Jackson. Portia Perceptions: the Umwelt of an Araneophagic Jumping Spider / Complex Worlds from Simpler Nervous Systems. MIT Press, 2004. Wilcox, R.

Stimson; Robert R. Jackson (1998). In Russell P. Balda;; Alan C. Kamil (eds.). Animal cognition in nature: the convergence of psychology and biology in laboratory and field.

Academic Press. Retrieved 23 May 2011. Harland, D.P & Jackson R.R. (2000): 'Eight-legged cats' and how they see - a review of recent research on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Cimbebasia 16: 231-240 - vision and behavior in Portia spiders. Harland, D.P.; Jackson, R.R. 'A knife in the back: use of prey-specific attack tactics by araneophagic jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)'.

Journal of Zoology. 269 (3): 285–290.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.

(with distribution in Australia).

Contents.Plot The game takes place long after civilization has been destroyed, where humans have emerged from underground and begun rebuilding society. The goal of the game is to expand the city of Portia and become the best builder. Gameplay The player must gather resources and combine them in recipes to create items. Eventually, players gain more tools that allow them to harvest resources faster, such as a chainsaw to chop down large trees. Once items are complete, they can be submitted for rewards, town favor and money. The largest assignments can directly change the town itself. The game also contains dungeons that require the player to fight enemies.

Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScorePC: 73/100NS: 71/100PS4: 75/100XONE: 73/100My Time at Portia received an aggregate score of 73/100 from. Miranda Sanchez of rated the game 80/100, calling its core gameplay fun, but saying that each of its parts was lacking in some way, and that the game had 'annoying audio bugs'. Alex Fuller of RPGamer rated it 70/100, calling the game 'charming' and 'a lovely place to spend time in', but also saying that it was too long, criticizing how 'players have to wait for NPCs to decide to do something'.

He stated that it was 'very enjoyable', but had 'significant weaknesses'. Rich Meister of rated the game 5.5/10, saying that while the world was 'bright and full of charm', 'waiting around for things to happen can get old pretty fast', and calling the game's mining 'painfully dull'.The PC version was among the best-selling new releases of the month on.